One of the disadvantages of I-TCP is the segmentation of the single TCP connection into TCP connections, thereby losing the original end to end TCP semantic. This TCP enhancement was quite transparently and transmits the TCP end to end connection intact. The main role of this improvement is to buffer data close to the fast local retransmission in case of packet loss ... Read More

Cellular systems for Mobile Communications implement SDM. Each transmitter, typically called a base station, comprises a particular area, a cell. Cell radii can differ from tens of meters in buildings, and hundreds of meters in cities, tens of kilometers in the countryside. The pattern of cells are never perfect circles or hexagons but depend on the circumstances, weather conditions, and sometimes even on system load ... Read More

System architecture As with whole systems in the telecommunication domain, GSM arrives with a hierarchical, Complex system architecture concentrating on many entities, interfaces, and acronyms. A GSM system consists of three subsystems. Radio Subsystem (RSS) Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS), and  Operations Subsystem (OSS) Each subsystem will be explained in more detail in the following subsections ... Read More

Routing While in wireless networks with infrastructure help a base station always encompasses all mobile nodes, this is not always the case in an ad hoc network. A destination not might be out of range of the source not transmitting packets. Thus, routing is required to find a path between source and destination and to forward the packets properly ... Read More

Spread spectrum As the name implies, spread spectrum techniques involve spreading the bandwidth needed to transmit data. Spreading the band with it has several advantages. The major benefit of this method is the resistance to narrowband interference. Spread spectrum helps to deal with narrowband interference for a single channel, it can be used for several channels ... Read More

Multiplexing Multiplexing is not only a primary mechanism in communication systems but also in normal life. Multiplication describes how many users can share a medium with minimum are no interference. One example from your everyday life is Highways with several lanes. Several users use the same medium with probably no interference ... Read More

Signal propagation Like wired networks, wireless connection networks also possess senders and receivers of signals. In wireless networks, this signal has no wire to define the direction of propagation, whereas sickness in wired networks only goes along the wire. As long as where is not disrupted or damaged, it typically shows the same features at each point ... Read More

GSM represents today's most successful digital mobile telecommunication system. Back in the early 1980s, Europe was facing the problem of many coexisting analog mobile phone system, which were often based on similar standards, but running on slightly different carrier frequencies. To avoid this situation for a second-generation fully digital system, the group special mobile (GSM) was founded in 1982 ... Read More

The general packet Radio Service (GPRS) presents packet mode transfer for applications that show traffic patterns such as the frequent transmission of small volumes or infrequent transmissions of small or medium volumes according to essential specifications. Comparative existing data transfer services, GPRS should use the existing network resources more efficiently for packet mode applications and should give a selection of Qos parameters for the service requesters ... Read More

Indirect TCP Two competing insights conveyed to the Development of indirect TCP. One is that TCP plays poorly together with wireless links, the other is that TCP the fixed network can be modified. Therefore, I-TCP segments a TCP connection into a fixed part and a wireless part. Among the fixed computer and the access point, standard TCP is utilized ... Read More

As for all networks supporting mobility, special functions are required for looking up the current position of a mobile terminal, for providing the moving terminal with a permanent address, and for ensuring security features such as privacy, authentication, or authorization. These and more functions are grouped and team location management ... Read More

A tunnel establishes a virtual pipe for data packets between a tunnel entry and a tunnel endpoint. Packets entering a tunnel are forwarded inside the tunnel leave the tunnel unchanged. Tunneling, that is, sending a packet through a tunnel, is achieved by using encapsulation. Encapsulation is the mechanism of taking a packet consisting of a packet header And data and putting it into the data part of a new packet ... Read More